A Langerhans cell ( LC) is a tissue-resident macrophage of the skin
Function
In
skin , the local Langerhans cells take up and process
microbe to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.
Generally, tissue-resident macrophages are involved in immune homeostasis and the uptake of Apoptosis. However, Langerhans cells can also take on a dendritic cell-like phenotype and migrate to to interact with .
Matrix metalloproteinase is important and necessary for langerhans cell when it passes stratum basale.
Langerhans cells derive from primitive erythro-myeloid progenitors that arise in the yolk sac outside the embryo in the first trimester of pregnancy, and under normal circumstances persist throughout life, being replenished by local proliferation as necessary. If the skin becomes severely inflamed, perhaps because of infection, blood monocytes are recruited to the affected region and differentiate into replacement LCs.
Langerin is a protein found in Langerhans cells,
LCs contain a large amount of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), that by activation by agonists, attenuate both the recruitment of and ear Allergy in chronic contact dermatitis induced by repeated challenge.
Clinical significance
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
In the
rare disease Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), an excess of cells similar to these cells are produced. However LCH cells stain positive to CD14 which is a monocyte marker and shows a different, hematopoietic origin for the disorder.
LCH can cause damage to
skin,
bone and other organs.
HIV
Langerhans cells may be initial cellular targets in the sexual transmission of HIV,
and may be a target, reservoir, and vector of dissemination.
Langerhans cells have been observed in foreskin, vaginal, and oral mucosa of humans; the lower concentrations in oral mucosa suggest that it is not a likely source of
HIV infection relative to foreskin and vaginal mucosa.
Human papillomavirus
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) are sexually transmitted viruses causally associated with several cancers including cervical, vaginal, anal, and head and neck cancers that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Over half of all
cervical cancer cases are associated with HPV16, the most common of the cancer-causing high-risk genotypes.
During its natural life cycle, HPV16 infects the basal cells of the epithelium and interacts with Langerhans cells within the epithelial layer,
which are responsible for initiating immune responses against epithelial invading pathogens.
However, HPV does not activate Langerhans cells
in vitro, and this may represent a key mechanism by which HPV evades immune detection
in vivo.
Specifically, HPV16 entry into Langerhans cells via the annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer results in suppressive signaling and lack of Langerhans cell-mediated immune responses.
This Langerhans cell-targeted immune escape mechanism seems to be conserved among different HPV genotypes enabling these viruses to remain undetected in the absence of other inflammatory events.
T cells exposed to these inactivated Langerhans cells are not anergic, and can be activated against HPV upon receiving the appropriate stimuli at a later time point.
It was demonstrated that Langerhans cells in HPV-induced cervical lesions were spherical, lacked dendrites, and secreted the suppressive cytokine IL-10 in vivo.
Dengue fever
Langerhans cells are also the initial target of the virus that causes
dengue fever during its development.
[Martina BE, Koraka P, Osterhaus AD (October 2009). "Dengue virus pathogenesis: an integrated view". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 22 (4): 564–81. doi:10.1128/CMR.00035-09. PMC 2772360. PMID 19822889.]
Declining function during ageing
During ageing the capacity of Langerhans cells to migrate declines.
This compromises immunity and exposes the skin to infectious diseases and cancer.
History
Langerhans cells are named after
Paul Langerhans, a
Germany physician and
anatomist, who discovered the cells at the age of 21 while he was a
medical student.
Because of their
dendrite-like appearance, he mistakenly identified the cells as part of the
nervous system.
See also
-
Langhans giant cell
-
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
External links
